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Regional maximum flood peaks in Southern Africa
(Department of Water Affairs, Directorate of Hydrology, 1988) Kovacs, Z.
The regional maximum flood (RMF) is an empirically established upper limit of flood peaks that can be reasonably expected at a given site. The proposed method for the estimation of RMF is a revised and updated version of Departmental technical report TR 105 published in 1980' 1 ' The method is based on maximum flood peaks recorded since 1856 at more than 500 sites in Southern Africa. The relative flood peak magnitude is expressed by the Francou-Rodier regional coefficient K. Eight maximum flood peak regions were delimited by a joint consideration of K, maximum observed 3 day rainfall and catchment characteristics. The respective K envelope lines (K.) were established by taking onto account the number and quality of data. The RMF can be instantly calculated if the geographic position of the site and its effective catchment area are known. Owing to its consistency the RMF compares favourably with results obtained by other methods. It is also shown that flood peaks in the 50 to 200-year recurrence interval can be estimated from RMF.
White Paper : The Development and Promotion of Tourism in South Africa
(Government Of South Africa, Department of Environmental Affairs and Tourism, 1996-05)
In October 1994, the Minister of Environmental Affairs and Tourism appointed the Interim Tourism Task Team (ITTT) with the mandate of drafting a tourism discussion paper as a basis for a future national tourism policy. Representing the business sector, labour movement, provincial governments, community organisations and the national government, the ITTT produced a Tourism Green Paper in September 1995. The Tourism Green Paper was widely distributed for comment, whereafter the European Union was approached to provide technical assistance to the Government of South Africa in developing a Tourism White Paper.
Climate change, development and energy problems in South Africa: another world is possible
(Oxfam, 2009-06-26)
Much of South Africa is already arid or semi-arid and climate change is expected to increase temperatures and droughts and add to pressure on limited water supplies. Poor people will be hardest hit. The South African government has been commendably vocal in calling for rich countries to cut greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Yet South Africa is also part of the problem as the largest emitter of GHGs on the continent. South Africa’s dependency on coal-fired power stations results in very high per capita energy use, yet still 30% of citizens do not have access to electricity. Most emissions come from just two companies, Eskom and Sasol. The report argues that conventional fossil-fuel powered development is both unsustainable in terms of climate change, and is also failing the poor. Yet South Africa has enormous untapped potential for solar power, wind and other renewable energies. Eskom and Sasol both claim to take climate change seriously and have strategies to diversify energy supply, but in practice they continue to scale-up production based on coal. This report argues that government must get serious about implementing its renewable energy targets and keep Eskom and Sasol to their word. Earthlife Africa is expert in analysing the energy sector and Oxfam International has contributed information about climate change impacts on poor communities.
Slums and informal settlements : an evidence-based approach to sustainable upgrading and development
(Space Syntax, 2010) Space Syntax
Slums are a physical and spatial manifestation of urban poverty and intra-city inequality. However, slums do not accommodate all the urban poor, nor are all slum dwellers always poor. Approaches to improvement typically follow insitu upgrading or forced eviction and redevelopment. Both approaches focus on short-term solutions which fail to address the core spatial problems of these areas. Space Syntax occupies a middle ground by concentrating vital spatial intervention in the key areas which deliver long term benefits. Space Syntax provides a unique, evidence-based, and industry-leading approach to the planning and design of buildings and urban areas. Combining technology, ability, and extensive global experience.
Gauteng : informal settlements status
(The Housing Development Agency (HDA), 2012) The Housing Development Agency (HDA)
The Housing Development Agency (HDA), is mandated to assist organs of State with the upgrading of informal settlements. The HDA therefore commissioned this study to investigate the availability of data and to analyse this data relating to the profile, status and trends in informal settlements in South Africa, nationally and provincially as well as for some of the larger municipalities. This report summarises available data for the province of Gauteng.
Technical Feasibility of Reporting Youth in Transition Survey (YITS) 2010 Skill Assessment Results on the PISA 2000 Reading Scale
(OECD Publishing, Paris, 2012-02-12) Cartwright, Fernando
This study examines the feasibility of reporting scores of a test based on the Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA) 2000 instrument that was administered to a sample of 25-year-old Youth in Transition Survey (YITS) respondents on the PISA scale. Each of these respondents also participated in PISA 2000. The study examines the considerations for estimating proficiency estimates for the YITS 2010 sample and describes the methods recommended for analyzing the data. The results indicate that, despite much higher performance, there is no ceiling effect in the YITS 2010 sample for the PISA items. Although the estimated scores for the YITS 2010 sample should not be misconstrued as true ‗PISA results,‘ there is no technical impediment to reporting them on the PISA scale and examining the differences between these results and the PISA 2000 results.
Long-term adaptation scenarios flagship research programme (LTAS) : climate change implications for the water sector in South Africa
(Department of Environmental Affairs, 2013) Department of Environmental Affairs
This technical report summarises climate change impacts, adaptation response options and future research needs for the water sector based on the results of relevant past and current research, including the draft National Water Resource Strategy 2 (NWRS2), the National Water Adaptation Strategy process, and new impact modelling for annual and seasonal runoff under both unconstrained and constrained pathways from recent modelling work conducted by the Treasury and the National Planning Commission.
Africa's adaptation gap: technical report
(UNEP, 2013) United Nations Environment Programme
This report is a stark analysis of where Africa stands in relation to its adaptation goals and is a cautionary indicator of what may happen should the emissions gap remain - necessitating additional adaptation. The report was accomplished to inform policymakers of the shortcomings and opportunities for adaptation to Climate Change in Africa. The results demonstrate how delaying action now will assuredly result in exponential costs down the road.
Western Cape : informal settlements status (2013)
(The Housing Development Agency (HDA), 2013) The Housing Development Agency (HDA)
The Housing Development Agency (“HDA”) is mandated to assist organs of State with the upgrading of informal settlements. As part of the informal settlements upgrading programme, the HDA commissioned this report to update existing analysis on the profile of informal settlements in South Africa, nationally and provincially as well as for some of the larger municipalities. The analysis draws heavily on newly released Census 2011 data and also explores other data sources available at a national, provincial and municipal level to characterise conditions in informal settlements and to identify key trends. This report summarises available data for the Western Cape province.
Mitigation: South Africa’s greenhouse gas mitigation potential analysis
(Department of Environmental Affairs, 2014)
A greenhouse gas mitigation potential analysis has been conducted for South Africa. The analysis has identified and analysed mitigation options in key economic sectors. In the process, an updated projection of national greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions into the future has been developed, along with marginal abatement cost curves (MACCs) for key sectors and subsectors. A socio-economic and environmental assessment of the identified mitigation options has also been conducted, leading to the development of national abatement pathways and an assessment of the wider macroeconomic impacts of implementing a broad set of mitigation options. Projections of economic growth are aligned to targeted levels of future economic growth. The targeted level of future economic growth is based on the moderate growth rate defined by National Treasury. The moderate growth scenario forecasts real growth in gross domestic product (GDP growth) of 4.2% per annum over the medium-term (defined in the draft Integrated Energy Plan as 2015–2020) and 4.3% per annum over the long-term (2021–2050). A detailed inter-industry economic modelling framework, the Inter-industry Forecasting Model (INFORUM), was used as the basis for projecting economic growth in all sectors of the South African economy.
National climate change response white paper
(Government of the Republic of South Africa, 2014) Government of the Republic of South Africa
This white paper presents the South African Government’s vision for an effective climate change response and the long-term, just transition to a climate-resilient and lower-carbon economy and society.
Climate change and disaster management in local government : skills needs and development
(Local Government, 2014) Local Government
The current and continued changes in global climate, influences the occurrences of extreme weather-related events, which are projected to increase in both intensity and frequency, with detrimental impacts on the social, economic and environmental sectors.
The IPCC’s fifth assessment report: what's in it for Africa?
(Climate and Development Knowledge Network, 2014)
The IPCC’s Fifth Assessment Report offers the following key messages for Africa: Africa’s climate is already changing and the impacts are already being felt The Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) finds, beyond reasonable doubt, that the Earth’s climate is warming. Since the 1950s, the rate of global warming has been unprecedented compared to previous decades and millennia. The IPCC finds with 95% certainty that human activity, by increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, has been the dominant cause of the observed warming since the mid-20th century. The Fifth Assessment Report presents strong evidence that warming over land across Africa has increased over the last 50–100 years. Surface temperatures have already increased by 0.5–2°C over the past hundred years. Data from 1950 onwards suggests that climate change has changed the magnitude and frequency of some extreme weather events in Africa already. The health, livelihoods and food security of people in Africa have been affected by climate change.
Mentoring on upgrading informal settlements
(Municipal Institute of Learning (MILE) eThekwini Municipality, 2014) Municipal Institute of Learning (MILE) eThekwini Municipality
The purpose of this programme has been to understand and learn how the City of Sao Paulo has achieved breakthroughs, constructed, converted and manipulated their “favelas” that have grown exponentially in Brazil’s urban environment over the decades. The City of Sao Paulo and eThekwini Municipality have achieved important milestones with regards to the provision of housing. However, eThekwini’s emphasis has been providing housing units whilst the provision of social, recreational, public transport, cultural and economic facilities has not been satisfactory prioritised. Learning from the Sao Paulo experience will enhance eThekwini’s future efforts of upgrading informal settlements and transforming them into viable places to reside.
Youth enterprise development strategy 2013-2023
(The Department of Small Business Development, 2014-05)
The Department of Small Business Development is delighted to introduce to the public the Youth Enterprise Development Strategy (YEDS). South Africa is faced with the challenge of limited and poor participation of young people in the economy. A salient feature of this poor economic participation is high persistent youth unemployment, which means that young people are not acquiring the skills and work experience they need to assist in driving the economy forward. It is also difficult for young South Africans to secure business opportunities to develop their own businesses. The overall unemployment rate in the country stands at 25% and rises to about 36% if discouraged workers are included in the calculation1. Youth unemployment constitutes 73% of the total unemployment in the country. Therefore the ratio of youth to-adult unemployment is about 1:3 (i.e. for every unemployed adult there are three unemployed youth). About 42% of young people under the age of 30 are unemployed, compared to less than 17% of adults over the age of 30. Only one in eight working adults under the age of 25 have a job, compared with 40% in most emerging economies similar to South Africa. Employment of youth aged between 18 and 24 years old has fallen by more than 20% since December 2008. Unemployed young people tend to be less skilled and inexperienced; almost 86% do not have formal further or tertiary education, while two-thirds have never worked. The overall determinants of the high levels of youth unemployment are a lack of skills for jobs required by the economy; young job seekers believe the probability of finding a job is so low that they do not even look; lack of work experience; lack of job search capabilities and networks; companies find it risky and costly to employ young people; the rate of population growth among youth far exceeds the number of jobs created by the economy and, in certain instances, the low levels of economic growth. The Department of Small Business Development offers this policy instrument in response to the call made by the New Growth Path (NGP) for the state to provide bold, imaginative and effective strategies to create millions of new jobs that would also address youth unemployment and limited participation of young people in the economy. Through this strategy instrument, Government intends to foster youth economic participation by deliberately enhancing youth entrepreneurship, accelerating the growth of youth owned and managed enterprises capable of contributing to the gross domestic product (GDP) growth rate and increasing youth self-employment and innovation.
Skills and youth entrepreneurship in Africa: analysis with evidence from Swaziland
(African Development Bank, 2014-07) Brixiová, Zuzana; Ncube, Mthuli; Bicaba, Zorobabel
The shortages of entrepreneurial skills have lowered search effectiveness of potential young entrepreneurs and the rate of youth start-ups. Our paper contributes to closing a gap in the entrepreneurship and development literature with a model of costly firm creation and skill differences between young and adult entrepreneurs. The model shows that for young entrepreneurs facing high cost of searching for business opportunities, support for training is more effective in stimulating productive start-ups than subsidies. Further, the case for interventions targeted at youth rises in societies with high cost of youth unemployment. We test the role of skills and training for productive youth entrepreneurship on data from a recent survey of entrepreneurs in Swaziland.
Ghana: renewable readiness assessment
(International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA), 2015) Singh, Gaun; Nouhou, Safiatou Alzouma; Sokona, Mohamed Youba
Formerly known as the Gold Coast, Ghana is on the West Coast of Africa. In 2014, the population stood at 27 million, with a relatively high rate growth rate of 2.4% per annum. Its gross domestic product (GDP) has been increasing by about 5.5% per year on average, peaking at 15% in 2011 due to the start of crude oil production. Biomass, consisting mainly of wood fuel like firewood and charcoal and to a lesser extent crop residues, accounts for half the Total Primary Energy Supply. Oil is the second most widely used source of energy in Ghana, accounting for 40% of primary energy supply, followed by hydropower and natural gas accounting for 7% and 3% respectively. Large hydropower and oil-fired plants provide most of the electricity (64% and 36% respectively). The Ghanaian power industry is unbundled and consists of state-owned utilities. The generation utilities are the Volta River Authority (VRA) and Bui Power Authority. The Ghana Grid Company (GRIDCo), the Electricity Company of Ghana (ECG) and the Northern Electricity Distribution Company (NEDCo) are responsible for transmission and distribution along with independent power producers (IPPs) like Sunon Asogli and CENIT Energy. Access to electricity is around 72% with over 87% for urban areas and just under 50% for rural areas. In 2012, total generated electricity in Ghana stood at 12,870 gigawatt-hours (GWh) with demand at 9,000 GWh. This means the country is a net power exporter to neighbouring countries Togo, Benin and Burkina Faso. However, domestic demand is growing annually by about 10% and is expected to reach around 24,000 GWh by 2020. This will require an increase in generation capacity to more than 3.5 gigawatts (GW) by 2020. Furthermore, recent constraints in the supply of natural gas caused by damage to the West Africa Gas Pipeline (WAGP) have severely curtailed the capacity of thermal power plants to meet peak demand. This amounts to around 1,745 megawatts (MW). This has forced the utilities to practise periodic load shedding since August 2012. Ghana enjoys excellent renewable energy resources, particularly biomass, solar, wind and, to a limited extent, small (1 MW - 30 MW, according to Economic Community of West African States — ECOWAS) and mini (100 kilowatt (kW) - 1 MW) hydropower. When combined with aggressive measures to promote energy efficiency, renewable energy development can contribute substantially to expanding energy access while reducing the latent energy crises stalking the country. Although, Ghana abounds in renewable energy resources, the bulk of this potential largely remained untapped. In 2011, a Renewable Energy Law (Act 882) was adopted to provide fiscal incentives and regulatory framework to encourage private sector investment. The provisions of the Renewable Energy Law includes: Feed-in Tariffs (FiT), Renewable Energy Purchase Obligations (RPO), Net Metering (distributed generation), Off-grid Electrification for Isolated Communities, Promotion of Clean Cookstoves, Research and Development, Renewable Energy Fund (RE Fund), and the establishment of a Renewable Energy Authority (REA). This report presents the output of the Renewables Readiness Assessment (RRA) process in Ghana. It highlights a number of bottlenecks impeding the widespread deployment of renewable energy systems in Ghana, and identifies a range of critical actions in key areas, which when implemented, could have a significant impact on the scaling up of renewable energy in the short- to medium-term. The report also identifies stakeholders who are required or expected to play various roles towards the implementation of the recommended action and the period of time within which, the actions are realistically expected to be implemented.
Climate and health country profile – 2015 : South Africa
(World Health Organization, 2015) World Health Organization
The Health and Climate Change Country Profile Project forms the foundation of WHO’s monitoring of national and global progress on health and climate change. Working in collaboration with national health authorities and health stakeholders, the Project aims to: Increase awareness of the health impacts of climate change. Support evidence- based decision making to strengthen the resilience of health systems. Support health involvement in national and international climate processes such as the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). Promote actions that improve health while reducing greenhouse gas emissions.
2015 Technical and Voacational Education and Training
(National Treasury, South Africa, 2015) Pienaar, Dawid-Willem; Venter, Fouche; Govender, Megan; Jitsing, Amanda
The National Treasury has commissioned a set of Performance and Expenditure Reviews (PERs) across 30 to 40 government policy initiatives. The aim of these reviews is to provide insights into the trends, composition and drivers of government expenditure across key programmes. These reviews provide useful insights into the cost of government services and can be an important tool for decision makers in pursuing efficiency gains and value for money. This PER focuses on the public Technical and Vocational Education and Training (TVET) college sector. TVET colleges (previously referred to as Further Education and Training colleges) aim to provide educational opportunities to those who either do not qualify for tertiary education or require vocational training with direct application to the workplace. The National Development Plan (NDP) states that the sector has a critical role to play in the development of practical, employable skills and, hence, the reduction of youth unemployment and skills shortages in the country. This is reflected in the plan to increase enrolments in public TVET colleges from approximately 639,618 in 20131 to 2.5 million in 2030 and thereby have it be larger, by enrolments, than the university sector; as is also reflected in the White Paper for Post-School Education and Training.
A technical report on the galaxy gold mine Mpumalanga province, South Africa
(Minxcon (Pty) Ltd, 2015) Minxcon (Pty) Limited
This Report titled “A Technical Report on the Galaxy Gold Mine, Mpumalanga Province, South Africa” was prepared on behalf of Galaxy Gold Mining Limited. The Report is compliant with National Instrument 43-101 and Form 43-101 F1.

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