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    PISA 2022 : Technical Report
    (OECD Publishing, Paris, 2024) OECD
    The OECD Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA) assesses the extent to which 15-year-old students near the end of compulsory education have acquired the knowledge and skills that are essential for full participation in modern societies. Eighty-one countries and economies took part in its eighth cycle, PISA 2022, in which a comprehensive set of indicators, spanning student performance, attitudes towards learning, school environment and resources, and many other aspects of school life were collected for comparison and analysis in what is the world’s largest comparative education study. PISA findings have a significant impact on education systems worldwide, so it is essential that its data is collected within rigorous technical standards and following the best practices in educational assessment to assure valid, reliable, and internationally comparable findings. This Technical Report aims to describe and provide clarity on the technical and methodological underpinnings of these findings. Its goal is twofold: to act as a tool for quality control to enable all stakeholders involved in PISA, as well as the general public to evaluate the quality of the data released in PISA 2022 regarding its four guiding principles of validity, reliability, comparability and fairness outlined in its Technical Standards; and to empower data analysts and researchers to understand this study and its outputs, thus fostering the further use of PISA data. The PISA results were achieved through the work of PISA International Contractors that led the study at the international level, National Centres led by National Project Managers that implemented PISA in each participating country and economy, and subject matter expert groups. Chapter 1 of this Technical Report describes in the different groups involved in the implementation of PISA 2022, and Annex J contains a list of individuals who contributed to this PISA cycle